Glossary
1
1-Phase (Single-Phase) Single-phase is a method of transmitting electrical energy using
a single alternating current (AC). In EV charging, it refers to the type of connection used
when charging from a standard household outlet or a single-phase charging station. It is
the most common form of power distribution for homes and small businesses, making it
widely available. Single-phase charging is generally limited to lower power levels —
typically up to 3.7 kW or 7.4 kW — and takes longer to charge an EV battery compared to
three-phase charging. In Europe (including Sweden), the standard is 230 V / 50 Hz.
Single-phase charging is well-suited for EV owners who can plan around longer charging
times and don't need rapid charging at home.
3
3-Phase (Three-Phase) Three-phase is a method of electrical energy transmission using
three alternating currents offset 120 degrees from each other. It allows for significantly
higher charging power than single-phase — typically 11 kW or 22 kW — meaning
considerably shorter charging times. Three-phase power is standard in industrial and
commercial buildings and increasingly common in newer residential properties. Whether
your car can take advantage of three-phase charging also depends on the vehicle's
onboard charger (OBC), as not all EVs support three-phase AC charging.
A
AC (Alternating Current) AC stands for Alternating Current — electricity that periodically
reverses direction. The electrical grid delivers AC power to homes and businesses. When
charging an EV via AC, the car's onboard charger (OBC) converts AC to DC before it is
stored in the battery. Most home chargers and many public stations deliver AC. AC
charging is generally slower than DC fast charging but is well-suited for overnight or
workplace charging.
Ampere (A) Ampere is the SI unit for measuring electric current — the flow of electrons
through a conductor. In EV charging, amperage directly affects charging speed. Higher
amperage means more current, which combined with voltage determines power (Watts =
Volts × Amps). Home charging circuits are typically rated at 10 A, 16 A, or 32 A, and the
actual charging speed is limited by the lowest-rated component in the chain — circuit,
cable, charger, or car.
AVAS (Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System) AVAS is a system required by EU regulation
for all new electric and hybrid vehicles. Because EVs are virtually silent at low speeds,
AVAS generates an artificial sound when the vehicle travels below approximately 20 km/h
(forward or in reverse) to alert pedestrians and cyclists — especially visually impaired
individuals. The sound must be continuous, indicate that the vehicle is moving, and vary
with speed.
B
1-Phase (Single-Phase) Single-phase is a method of transmitting electrical energy using
a single alternating current (AC). In EV charging, it refers to the type of connection used
when charging from a standard household outlet or a single-phase charging station. It is
the most common form of power distribution for homes and small businesses, making it
widely available. Single-phase charging is generally limited to lower power levels —
typically up to 3.7 kW or 7.4 kW — and takes longer to charge an EV battery compared to
three-phase charging. In Europe (including Sweden), the standard is 230 V / 50 Hz.
Single-phase charging is well-suited for EV owners who can plan around longer charging
times and don't need rapid charging at home.
3
3-Phase (Three-Phase) Three-phase is a method of electrical energy transmission using
three alternating currents offset 120 degrees from each other. It allows for significantly
higher charging power than single-phase — typically 11 kW or 22 kW — meaning
considerably shorter charging times. Three-phase power is standard in industrial and
commercial buildings and increasingly common in newer residential properties. Whether
your car can take advantage of three-phase charging also depends on the vehicle's
onboard charger (OBC), as not all EVs support three-phase AC charging.
A
AC (Alternating Current) AC stands for Alternating Current — electricity that periodically
reverses direction. The electrical grid delivers AC power to homes and businesses. When
charging an EV via AC, the car's onboard charger (OBC) converts AC to DC before it is
stored in the battery. Most home chargers and many public stations deliver AC. AC
charging is generally slower than DC fast charging but is well-suited for overnight or
workplace charging.
Ampere (A) Ampere is the SI unit for measuring electric current — the flow of electrons
through a conductor. In EV charging, amperage directly affects charging speed. Higher
amperage means more current, which combined with voltage determines power (Watts =
Volts × Amps). Home charging circuits are typically rated at 10 A, 16 A, or 32 A, and the
actual charging speed is limited by the lowest-rated component in the chain — circuit,
cable, charger, or car.
AVAS (Acoustic Vehicle Alerting System) AVAS is a system required by EU regulation
for all new electric and hybrid vehicles. Because EVs are virtually silent at low speeds,
AVAS generates an artificial sound when the vehicle travels below approximately 20 km/h
(forward or in reverse) to alert pedestrians and cyclists — especially visually impaired
individuals. The sound must be continuous, indicate that the vehicle is moving, and vary
with speed.
B
Battery The battery in an electric vehicle is the large rechargeable energy storage unit that
powers the electric motor. Modern EVs use lithium-ion battery packs made up of hundreds
or thousands of individual cells grouped into modules. The battery is typically the heaviest
and most expensive component in an EV. Battery technology is a key area of ongoing
development, with improvements in energy density, charging speed, lifespan, and cost
being central to wider EV adoption.
Battery Capacity Battery capacity refers to the total amount of energy a battery can store,
measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). Higher capacity generally means longer driving range.
The usable capacity is slightly less than the total, as manufacturers protect a buffer at the
top and bottom of the charge to preserve battery health. For example, a car with a 77 kWh
total capacity might have a usable capacity of around 73 kWh.
BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) A BEV is a fully electric vehicle powered exclusively by its
battery and electric motor(s). It has no combustion engine and produces zero direct
emissions. BEVs must be charged from an external electricity source — at home, at work,
or at public charging stations. BEVs are distinct from hybrids (HEV) and plug-in hybrids
(PHEV), which also have combustion engines.
BHS (Battery Heating System) A battery heating system warms the EV battery in cold
weather. Lithium-ion batteries perform significantly worse at low temperatures — both in
terms of capacity and charging speed. A BHS brings the battery up to its optimal operating
temperature before or during driving and charging. Some vehicles allow remote pre-
conditioning of the battery, so it is warm and ready when you start. This is particularly
relevant in cold climates.
BMS (Battery Management System) The BMS is the electronic system that monitors and
controls the EV battery pack. It tracks each cell's voltage, temperature, and state of
charge, balancing cells to ensure even use and protecting the battery from overcharging,
deep discharge, and overheating. The BMS communicates with the vehicle's charging
system to optimise charging speed and prevent damage, and is critical for battery safety
and longevity.
C
CCS (Combined Charging System) CCS is the dominant DC fast-charging standard in
Europe and North America. The CCS connector combines the standard Type 2 AC plug
with two additional DC pins below it, allowing both AC and DC charging through a single
inlet. CCS supports very high charging speeds — up to 350 kW on the latest infrastructure
— and is the standard required under EU regulation for new public charging stations.
CHAdeMO CHAdeMO is a DC fast-charging standard developed in Japan, primarily used
by Nissan and Mitsubishi vehicles. It uses a separate connector from the AC inlet. While
widely used in the early years of EVs, CHAdeMO has been largely superseded by CCS in
Europe and is being phased out in most markets as new vehicles shift away from it.
ChaoJi ChaoJi is a next-generation charging standard developed collaboratively by
Chinese and Japanese industry organisations, intended to eventually replace both
CHAdeMO and the Chinese GB/T DC standard. ChaoJi supports very high power levels
(up to 900 kW), is designed with improved safety and future-proofing in mind, and is
backwards compatible with CHAdeMO via an adapter. Commercial rollout is ongoing.
powers the electric motor. Modern EVs use lithium-ion battery packs made up of hundreds
or thousands of individual cells grouped into modules. The battery is typically the heaviest
and most expensive component in an EV. Battery technology is a key area of ongoing
development, with improvements in energy density, charging speed, lifespan, and cost
being central to wider EV adoption.
Battery Capacity Battery capacity refers to the total amount of energy a battery can store,
measured in kilowatt-hours (kWh). Higher capacity generally means longer driving range.
The usable capacity is slightly less than the total, as manufacturers protect a buffer at the
top and bottom of the charge to preserve battery health. For example, a car with a 77 kWh
total capacity might have a usable capacity of around 73 kWh.
BEV (Battery Electric Vehicle) A BEV is a fully electric vehicle powered exclusively by its
battery and electric motor(s). It has no combustion engine and produces zero direct
emissions. BEVs must be charged from an external electricity source — at home, at work,
or at public charging stations. BEVs are distinct from hybrids (HEV) and plug-in hybrids
(PHEV), which also have combustion engines.
BHS (Battery Heating System) A battery heating system warms the EV battery in cold
weather. Lithium-ion batteries perform significantly worse at low temperatures — both in
terms of capacity and charging speed. A BHS brings the battery up to its optimal operating
temperature before or during driving and charging. Some vehicles allow remote pre-
conditioning of the battery, so it is warm and ready when you start. This is particularly
relevant in cold climates.
BMS (Battery Management System) The BMS is the electronic system that monitors and
controls the EV battery pack. It tracks each cell's voltage, temperature, and state of
charge, balancing cells to ensure even use and protecting the battery from overcharging,
deep discharge, and overheating. The BMS communicates with the vehicle's charging
system to optimise charging speed and prevent damage, and is critical for battery safety
and longevity.
C
CCS (Combined Charging System) CCS is the dominant DC fast-charging standard in
Europe and North America. The CCS connector combines the standard Type 2 AC plug
with two additional DC pins below it, allowing both AC and DC charging through a single
inlet. CCS supports very high charging speeds — up to 350 kW on the latest infrastructure
— and is the standard required under EU regulation for new public charging stations.
CHAdeMO CHAdeMO is a DC fast-charging standard developed in Japan, primarily used
by Nissan and Mitsubishi vehicles. It uses a separate connector from the AC inlet. While
widely used in the early years of EVs, CHAdeMO has been largely superseded by CCS in
Europe and is being phased out in most markets as new vehicles shift away from it.
ChaoJi ChaoJi is a next-generation charging standard developed collaboratively by
Chinese and Japanese industry organisations, intended to eventually replace both
CHAdeMO and the Chinese GB/T DC standard. ChaoJi supports very high power levels
(up to 900 kW), is designed with improved safety and future-proofing in mind, and is
backwards compatible with CHAdeMO via an adapter. Commercial rollout is ongoing.
CPI (Charge Point Installer) A CPI is a certified professional qualified to install EV
charging equipment. In most countries, installation of a home or commercial charger must
be carried out by a licensed electrician with specific training in the relevant standards and
safety requirements. Using a certified installer is often required to maintain warranty
coverage and access government incentives.
CPO (Charge Point Operator) A CPO is a company that operates and manages EV
charging infrastructure. This includes maintaining the physical charging stations, managing
connectivity and software, handling billing, and ensuring uptime. CPOs are distinct from
eMSPs (eMobility Service Providers), who handle the customer-facing access and
payment side.
D
DC (Direct Current) DC stands for Direct Current — electricity that flows in one constant
direction. EV batteries store energy as DC, so when charging via a DC fast charger, the
power conversion happens inside the charger unit rather than inside the car. This allows
much higher power levels than AC charging — typically 50 kW to 350+ kW, compared to
3.7–22 kW for most AC charging.
Destination Charging Destination charging refers to charging that takes place where you
park for an extended period — such as a hotel, restaurant, shopping centre, or tourist
attraction. Unlike rapid en-route charging, destination charging is designed for longer
stays, typically using AC chargers (7.4–22 kW). The idea is that your car charges while
you're doing something else, and you leave with a full or significantly topped-up battery.
DEVC (Dynamic Electric Vehicle Charging) DEVC refers to technology that allows
electric vehicles to charge while in motion, via infrastructure embedded in the road surface
— such as inductive (wireless) strips or conductive rail systems. DEVC is still largely in the
research and pilot phase but has significant potential for reducing battery size
requirements and range anxiety. Several pilot projects are underway across Europe and
North America.
Dynamic Load Balancing Dynamic load balancing is a system that continuously monitors
and adjusts power distribution between multiple charging points and a building's electrical
infrastructure in real time. It ensures the total power draw never exceeds the building's
capacity (the main fuse rating), automatically redistributing available power between
chargers as demand changes. This allows more chargers to be installed without requiring
an expensive upgrade to the electrical supply.
Dynamic Load Management Dynamic load management operates at a broader level than
load balancing, also accounting for the building's other electrical loads — such as HVAC,
lighting, and machinery — alongside the chargers. By monitoring total consumption in real
time, the system can reduce charging speed when other systems demand more power
and increase it when capacity is available. This is particularly valuable in offices, apartment
buildings, and commercial properties.
E
charging equipment. In most countries, installation of a home or commercial charger must
be carried out by a licensed electrician with specific training in the relevant standards and
safety requirements. Using a certified installer is often required to maintain warranty
coverage and access government incentives.
CPO (Charge Point Operator) A CPO is a company that operates and manages EV
charging infrastructure. This includes maintaining the physical charging stations, managing
connectivity and software, handling billing, and ensuring uptime. CPOs are distinct from
eMSPs (eMobility Service Providers), who handle the customer-facing access and
payment side.
D
DC (Direct Current) DC stands for Direct Current — electricity that flows in one constant
direction. EV batteries store energy as DC, so when charging via a DC fast charger, the
power conversion happens inside the charger unit rather than inside the car. This allows
much higher power levels than AC charging — typically 50 kW to 350+ kW, compared to
3.7–22 kW for most AC charging.
Destination Charging Destination charging refers to charging that takes place where you
park for an extended period — such as a hotel, restaurant, shopping centre, or tourist
attraction. Unlike rapid en-route charging, destination charging is designed for longer
stays, typically using AC chargers (7.4–22 kW). The idea is that your car charges while
you're doing something else, and you leave with a full or significantly topped-up battery.
DEVC (Dynamic Electric Vehicle Charging) DEVC refers to technology that allows
electric vehicles to charge while in motion, via infrastructure embedded in the road surface
— such as inductive (wireless) strips or conductive rail systems. DEVC is still largely in the
research and pilot phase but has significant potential for reducing battery size
requirements and range anxiety. Several pilot projects are underway across Europe and
North America.
Dynamic Load Balancing Dynamic load balancing is a system that continuously monitors
and adjusts power distribution between multiple charging points and a building's electrical
infrastructure in real time. It ensures the total power draw never exceeds the building's
capacity (the main fuse rating), automatically redistributing available power between
chargers as demand changes. This allows more chargers to be installed without requiring
an expensive upgrade to the electrical supply.
Dynamic Load Management Dynamic load management operates at a broader level than
load balancing, also accounting for the building's other electrical loads — such as HVAC,
lighting, and machinery — alongside the chargers. By monitoring total consumption in real
time, the system can reduce charging speed when other systems demand more power
and increase it when capacity is available. This is particularly valuable in offices, apartment
buildings, and commercial properties.
E
Power Output (Effekt) In EV charging, power — measured in watts (W) or kilowatts (kW)
— refers to the rate at which energy is transferred to the battery. Higher power means
faster charging. Charging power is calculated as: Power (kW) = Voltage (V) × Current (A) ÷
1000. The actual charging rate is always limited by whichever component in the chain —
charger, cable, or car — has the lowest rating.
Power Balancing Power balancing is the management of electrical load to ensure
consumption stays within the limits of the available electrical supply. In an EV charging
context, it means intelligently distributing available power between chargers and other
electrical loads. This is especially important in buildings with limited grid capacity,
preventing blown fuses or expensive grid connection upgrades while still enabling multiple
EVs to charge simultaneously.
eMSP (eMobility Service Provider) An eMSP is a company that provides EV drivers with
access to charging networks — handling accounts, RFID cards or apps, authentication,
and billing. An eMSP acts as an intermediary between the driver and the CPO (operator of
the physical charger). Through roaming agreements between eMSPs and CPOs, drivers
can use a single account or card across multiple charging networks in different countries.
EVSE (Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment) EVSE is the technical term for EV charging
equipment — everything from a simple cable and control box to a sophisticated charging
station. The EVSE manages the safe delivery of electricity to the vehicle, communicating
with the car to confirm a safe connection before allowing current to flow and stopping
charging if the connection is interrupted. The term encompasses home chargers
(wallboxes), public AC chargers, and DC fast chargers.
F
Phase A phase in electrical engineering refers to one of the alternating current waveforms
in a power system. Single-phase systems have one waveform; three-phase systems have
three, offset by 120 degrees. The number of phases available at a location determines the
maximum possible AC charging speed. Most homes in Sweden have three-phase power
available, but not all chargers or EVs support three-phase charging.
Frunk A frunk (front trunk) is the storage compartment found under the bonnet of many
electric vehicles, in the space that would normally be occupied by a combustion engine.
Since EVs don't have large engines at the front, manufacturers can use this space for
additional luggage capacity. The size varies widely between models — some are large
enough for a carry-on bag, others barely fit a charging cable.
G
GB/T GB/T is the Chinese national standard for EV charging connectors and protocols.
There are two variants: one for AC charging and one for DC fast charging. Most EVs sold
in China use GB/T connectors. Some Chinese-made EVs sold in Europe use CCS for the
European market, while others offer GB/T or dual-standard options.
Green Electricity Green electricity refers to power generated from renewable energy
sources such as wind, solar, hydropower, or biomass. Many EV charging providers and
— refers to the rate at which energy is transferred to the battery. Higher power means
faster charging. Charging power is calculated as: Power (kW) = Voltage (V) × Current (A) ÷
1000. The actual charging rate is always limited by whichever component in the chain —
charger, cable, or car — has the lowest rating.
Power Balancing Power balancing is the management of electrical load to ensure
consumption stays within the limits of the available electrical supply. In an EV charging
context, it means intelligently distributing available power between chargers and other
electrical loads. This is especially important in buildings with limited grid capacity,
preventing blown fuses or expensive grid connection upgrades while still enabling multiple
EVs to charge simultaneously.
eMSP (eMobility Service Provider) An eMSP is a company that provides EV drivers with
access to charging networks — handling accounts, RFID cards or apps, authentication,
and billing. An eMSP acts as an intermediary between the driver and the CPO (operator of
the physical charger). Through roaming agreements between eMSPs and CPOs, drivers
can use a single account or card across multiple charging networks in different countries.
EVSE (Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment) EVSE is the technical term for EV charging
equipment — everything from a simple cable and control box to a sophisticated charging
station. The EVSE manages the safe delivery of electricity to the vehicle, communicating
with the car to confirm a safe connection before allowing current to flow and stopping
charging if the connection is interrupted. The term encompasses home chargers
(wallboxes), public AC chargers, and DC fast chargers.
F
Phase A phase in electrical engineering refers to one of the alternating current waveforms
in a power system. Single-phase systems have one waveform; three-phase systems have
three, offset by 120 degrees. The number of phases available at a location determines the
maximum possible AC charging speed. Most homes in Sweden have three-phase power
available, but not all chargers or EVs support three-phase charging.
Frunk A frunk (front trunk) is the storage compartment found under the bonnet of many
electric vehicles, in the space that would normally be occupied by a combustion engine.
Since EVs don't have large engines at the front, manufacturers can use this space for
additional luggage capacity. The size varies widely between models — some are large
enough for a carry-on bag, others barely fit a charging cable.
G
GB/T GB/T is the Chinese national standard for EV charging connectors and protocols.
There are two variants: one for AC charging and one for DC fast charging. Most EVs sold
in China use GB/T connectors. Some Chinese-made EVs sold in Europe use CCS for the
European market, while others offer GB/T or dual-standard options.
Green Electricity Green electricity refers to power generated from renewable energy
sources such as wind, solar, hydropower, or biomass. Many EV charging providers and
energy suppliers offer green electricity tariffs, where your consumption is matched by
renewable generation certificates. Charging on green electricity significantly reduces an
EV's lifetime carbon footprint compared to charging on the average grid mix.
H
Home Charging Home charging is the most common and convenient way to charge an
EV — plugging in at home overnight using a dedicated wallbox or, less ideally, a regular
household outlet. A wallbox typically delivers 7.4 kW (single-phase) or 11–22 kW (three-
phase), meaning most EVs can be fully charged overnight. Home charging is generally the
cheapest method, especially with off-peak electricity tariffs or solar panels.
HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) An HEV has both a combustion engine and an electric
motor, where the battery is charged exclusively through regenerative braking and the
engine — it cannot be plugged in externally. The electric motor assists the combustion
engine for better fuel efficiency, but the car always ultimately runs on petrol or diesel.
HEVs offer improved fuel economy over conventional vehicles but cannot run on electricity
alone for meaningful distances.
HPC (High Power Charging) HPC refers to DC fast charging at very high power levels —
typically 150 kW and above, with some stations delivering up to 350 kW. HPC can charge
many EVs from 10% to 80% in 15–30 minutes, making long-distance travel practical. HPC
stations are commonly found at motorway service areas. Not all EVs can accept HPC
rates; the vehicle's maximum DC charging speed is a fixed hardware specification.
I
ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) ICE is the term used for traditional petrol or diesel
engines. In the EV world, it is commonly used as shorthand for non-electric vehicles. The
term also appears in "ICEing" — when a combustion-engine vehicle parks in an EV
charging space, blocking access for EVs.
IP Rating An IP (Ingress Protection) rating is an international standard (IEC 60529) that
classifies the degree of protection an electrical enclosure offers against solid particles
(dust) and liquids (water). For EV chargers, the IP rating indicates how well the unit
withstands outdoor conditions. The rating consists of two digits — e.g. IP54 means
protected against dust ingress and water splashing from any direction. Outdoor home
chargers should have at least IP44 or higher.
J
RCD (Residual Current Device) An RCD is a safety device that cuts the power instantly if
it detects a difference between the current flowing out and the current returning — which
indicates leaking current, potentially through a person. EV chargers are legally required to
include or be connected to an RCD. Many modern home chargers have a built-in RCD,
which must meet the requirements of the relevant electrical standard (typically a Type A or
Type B RCD depending on the charger).
renewable generation certificates. Charging on green electricity significantly reduces an
EV's lifetime carbon footprint compared to charging on the average grid mix.
H
Home Charging Home charging is the most common and convenient way to charge an
EV — plugging in at home overnight using a dedicated wallbox or, less ideally, a regular
household outlet. A wallbox typically delivers 7.4 kW (single-phase) or 11–22 kW (three-
phase), meaning most EVs can be fully charged overnight. Home charging is generally the
cheapest method, especially with off-peak electricity tariffs or solar panels.
HEV (Hybrid Electric Vehicle) An HEV has both a combustion engine and an electric
motor, where the battery is charged exclusively through regenerative braking and the
engine — it cannot be plugged in externally. The electric motor assists the combustion
engine for better fuel efficiency, but the car always ultimately runs on petrol or diesel.
HEVs offer improved fuel economy over conventional vehicles but cannot run on electricity
alone for meaningful distances.
HPC (High Power Charging) HPC refers to DC fast charging at very high power levels —
typically 150 kW and above, with some stations delivering up to 350 kW. HPC can charge
many EVs from 10% to 80% in 15–30 minutes, making long-distance travel practical. HPC
stations are commonly found at motorway service areas. Not all EVs can accept HPC
rates; the vehicle's maximum DC charging speed is a fixed hardware specification.
I
ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) ICE is the term used for traditional petrol or diesel
engines. In the EV world, it is commonly used as shorthand for non-electric vehicles. The
term also appears in "ICEing" — when a combustion-engine vehicle parks in an EV
charging space, blocking access for EVs.
IP Rating An IP (Ingress Protection) rating is an international standard (IEC 60529) that
classifies the degree of protection an electrical enclosure offers against solid particles
(dust) and liquids (water). For EV chargers, the IP rating indicates how well the unit
withstands outdoor conditions. The rating consists of two digits — e.g. IP54 means
protected against dust ingress and water splashing from any direction. Outdoor home
chargers should have at least IP44 or higher.
J
RCD (Residual Current Device) An RCD is a safety device that cuts the power instantly if
it detects a difference between the current flowing out and the current returning — which
indicates leaking current, potentially through a person. EV chargers are legally required to
include or be connected to an RCD. Many modern home chargers have a built-in RCD,
which must meet the requirements of the relevant electrical standard (typically a Type A or
Type B RCD depending on the charger).
K
Drive Cycle A drive cycle is a standardised test procedure used to measure an EV's
energy consumption and range under controlled, reproducible conditions. Different drive
cycles — such as WLTP and NEDC — use different speed profiles and conditions.
Because real-world driving varies from test conditions, actual range often differs from the
official figure. Understanding which drive cycle was used helps consumers compare
models more accurately.
kWh (Kilowatt-hour) A kilowatt-hour is the standard unit of energy used in EV contexts. It
represents the energy consumed when 1 kW of power is used continuously for one hour.
EV battery capacity is measured in kWh (e.g. a 75 kWh battery), and energy consumption
is expressed as kWh/100 km. Electricity bills are also charged per kWh, making it
straightforward to calculate the cost of charging.
L
Charger In EV terminology, "charger" can refer either to the external charging station or
wallbox, or to the onboard charger (OBC) built into the vehicle. The onboard charger
converts AC power from the grid into DC power for the battery. When people refer to a
home "charger," they typically mean the wallbox — though strictly speaking, the charger is
the component inside the car.
Wallbox A wallbox is a dedicated EV charging unit installed at home, in a garage, or at a
workplace. It is mounted on a wall and connected to the building's electrical system,
delivering significantly more power (7.4–22 kW) than a standard household outlet (~2.3
kW). Modern wallboxes often include smart features such as scheduling, energy
monitoring, load balancing, and app control. Installation must be carried out by a certified
electrician.
Charging Fob / RFID Card A charging fob or card is an RFID-enabled device used to
authenticate and initiate charging at public charging stations. It is registered to a user
account with an eMSP, and tapping it on the charger's reader identifies the user and starts
the session. Some charging networks also allow authentication via a smartphone app or
Plug & Charge.
Charging Infrastructure Charging infrastructure refers to the full network of hardware,
software, and services that enable EV charging — including home chargers, workplace
chargers, public AC chargers, DC fast chargers, payment systems, network management
platforms, and grid connections. The availability and quality of charging infrastructure is a
key factor in EV adoption.
Charging Map A charging map is a digital map (typically in an app or website) showing the
locations of public EV charging stations, along with details such as connector type, power
level, real-time availability, and pricing. Popular options include PlugShare, ABRP (A Better
Route Planner), and maps built into EV navigation systems.
Charging Capacity Charging capacity refers to the maximum rate at which an EV can
accept charge, usually expressed in kW. For AC charging, it is determined by the onboard
Drive Cycle A drive cycle is a standardised test procedure used to measure an EV's
energy consumption and range under controlled, reproducible conditions. Different drive
cycles — such as WLTP and NEDC — use different speed profiles and conditions.
Because real-world driving varies from test conditions, actual range often differs from the
official figure. Understanding which drive cycle was used helps consumers compare
models more accurately.
kWh (Kilowatt-hour) A kilowatt-hour is the standard unit of energy used in EV contexts. It
represents the energy consumed when 1 kW of power is used continuously for one hour.
EV battery capacity is measured in kWh (e.g. a 75 kWh battery), and energy consumption
is expressed as kWh/100 km. Electricity bills are also charged per kWh, making it
straightforward to calculate the cost of charging.
L
Charger In EV terminology, "charger" can refer either to the external charging station or
wallbox, or to the onboard charger (OBC) built into the vehicle. The onboard charger
converts AC power from the grid into DC power for the battery. When people refer to a
home "charger," they typically mean the wallbox — though strictly speaking, the charger is
the component inside the car.
Wallbox A wallbox is a dedicated EV charging unit installed at home, in a garage, or at a
workplace. It is mounted on a wall and connected to the building's electrical system,
delivering significantly more power (7.4–22 kW) than a standard household outlet (~2.3
kW). Modern wallboxes often include smart features such as scheduling, energy
monitoring, load balancing, and app control. Installation must be carried out by a certified
electrician.
Charging Fob / RFID Card A charging fob or card is an RFID-enabled device used to
authenticate and initiate charging at public charging stations. It is registered to a user
account with an eMSP, and tapping it on the charger's reader identifies the user and starts
the session. Some charging networks also allow authentication via a smartphone app or
Plug & Charge.
Charging Infrastructure Charging infrastructure refers to the full network of hardware,
software, and services that enable EV charging — including home chargers, workplace
chargers, public AC chargers, DC fast chargers, payment systems, network management
platforms, and grid connections. The availability and quality of charging infrastructure is a
key factor in EV adoption.
Charging Map A charging map is a digital map (typically in an app or website) showing the
locations of public EV charging stations, along with details such as connector type, power
level, real-time availability, and pricing. Popular options include PlugShare, ABRP (A Better
Route Planner), and maps built into EV navigation systems.
Charging Capacity Charging capacity refers to the maximum rate at which an EV can
accept charge, usually expressed in kW. For AC charging, it is determined by the onboard
charger (OBC) — e.g. 7.4 kW, 11 kW, or 22 kW. For DC fast charging, it is a separate
specification — e.g. 50 kW, 150 kW, or 270 kW. The actual charging speed is always
limited by the minimum of the charger's output and the car's capacity.
Charging Space A charging space is a designated parking spot equipped with an EV
charger. These can be found in public car parks, on streets, at shopping centres, or in
residential areas. Parking in a charging space without actively charging — or after your car
is already full — is generally prohibited and can result in fines.
Charging Station A charging station is a facility with one or more EV charging points at a
fixed location. Stations range from a single wallbox in a car park to large motorway hubs
with dozens of DC fast chargers. Larger stations typically offer multiple connector types
and varying power levels to serve different vehicles.
Charging Post / Pole A charging post is a freestanding public EV charging unit, typically
found in car parks, on streets, or at service areas. Unlike a wallbox (which is wall-
mounted), a charging post is a self-contained unit installed on the ground. It may have one
or more sockets and can offer AC or DC charging.
Load Balancing Load balancing in EV charging is the process of distributing available
electrical power between multiple chargers to prevent overloading the building's electrical
supply. When several EVs charge simultaneously, load balancing ensures the total
demand stays within the fuse capacity. Power is dynamically shared — if one car finishes
charging, its allocation is redistributed to others. This allows more chargers to operate on
the same supply without expensive grid upgrades.
Lithium-Ion Battery Lithium-ion (Li-ion) is the dominant battery chemistry used in modern
EVs. It offers a good balance of energy density, weight, lifespan, and cost. The battery
works by moving lithium ions between the anode and cathode during charging and
discharging. Common Li-ion variants used in EVs include NMC (nickel manganese cobalt),
LFP (lithium iron phosphate), and NCA (nickel cobalt aluminium), each with different trade-
offs in energy density, longevity, and cost.
M
Maximum Charging Power Maximum charging power is the highest rate at which a
specific EV can charge — separately specified for AC and DC charging. This is a fixed
hardware limitation of the vehicle. A car with a maximum DC charging power of 100 kW will
charge at 100 kW even if connected to a 350 kW charger, as the vehicle itself is always
the limiting factor.
Mild Hybrid A mild hybrid is a vehicle with a small electric motor and battery that assists
the combustion engine but cannot drive the vehicle on electricity alone. Unlike full hybrids
or PHEVs, mild hybrids cannot be plugged in externally. The electric component recovers
braking energy and reduces fuel consumption during acceleration. Fuel savings are
typically 10–20% compared to a non-hybrid version of the same vehicle.
MMI (Multi Media Interface) MMI is an infotainment and vehicle control system originally
developed by Audi. In the EV context, it refers to the central multimedia interface, which in
modern EVs typically integrates charging settings, range displays, navigation with charging
stop planning, and remote app connectivity.
specification — e.g. 50 kW, 150 kW, or 270 kW. The actual charging speed is always
limited by the minimum of the charger's output and the car's capacity.
Charging Space A charging space is a designated parking spot equipped with an EV
charger. These can be found in public car parks, on streets, at shopping centres, or in
residential areas. Parking in a charging space without actively charging — or after your car
is already full — is generally prohibited and can result in fines.
Charging Station A charging station is a facility with one or more EV charging points at a
fixed location. Stations range from a single wallbox in a car park to large motorway hubs
with dozens of DC fast chargers. Larger stations typically offer multiple connector types
and varying power levels to serve different vehicles.
Charging Post / Pole A charging post is a freestanding public EV charging unit, typically
found in car parks, on streets, or at service areas. Unlike a wallbox (which is wall-
mounted), a charging post is a self-contained unit installed on the ground. It may have one
or more sockets and can offer AC or DC charging.
Load Balancing Load balancing in EV charging is the process of distributing available
electrical power between multiple chargers to prevent overloading the building's electrical
supply. When several EVs charge simultaneously, load balancing ensures the total
demand stays within the fuse capacity. Power is dynamically shared — if one car finishes
charging, its allocation is redistributed to others. This allows more chargers to operate on
the same supply without expensive grid upgrades.
Lithium-Ion Battery Lithium-ion (Li-ion) is the dominant battery chemistry used in modern
EVs. It offers a good balance of energy density, weight, lifespan, and cost. The battery
works by moving lithium ions between the anode and cathode during charging and
discharging. Common Li-ion variants used in EVs include NMC (nickel manganese cobalt),
LFP (lithium iron phosphate), and NCA (nickel cobalt aluminium), each with different trade-
offs in energy density, longevity, and cost.
M
Maximum Charging Power Maximum charging power is the highest rate at which a
specific EV can charge — separately specified for AC and DC charging. This is a fixed
hardware limitation of the vehicle. A car with a maximum DC charging power of 100 kW will
charge at 100 kW even if connected to a 350 kW charger, as the vehicle itself is always
the limiting factor.
Mild Hybrid A mild hybrid is a vehicle with a small electric motor and battery that assists
the combustion engine but cannot drive the vehicle on electricity alone. Unlike full hybrids
or PHEVs, mild hybrids cannot be plugged in externally. The electric component recovers
braking energy and reduces fuel consumption during acceleration. Fuel savings are
typically 10–20% compared to a non-hybrid version of the same vehicle.
MMI (Multi Media Interface) MMI is an infotainment and vehicle control system originally
developed by Audi. In the EV context, it refers to the central multimedia interface, which in
modern EVs typically integrates charging settings, range displays, navigation with charging
stop planning, and remote app connectivity.
Mode 1 Mode 1 is the most basic form of EV charging — plugging directly into a standard
household socket with no communication between the vehicle and the outlet. Mode 1 is
considered unsafe for EVs by most European standards and is banned for EV charging in
many countries, including Sweden, because standard household outlets lack the
protections needed for continuous high-current loads. It should not be used for EV
charging.
Mode 2 Mode 2 charging uses a standard household outlet but with an in-cable control
box (ICCB) that provides basic safety functions — including earth fault protection and
communication with the vehicle to confirm a safe connection before current flows. It is the
typical emergency or occasional home charging method using the cable supplied with the
car. Charging is slow (typically ~1.8–2.3 kW) and Mode 2 is not recommended for regular
daily use.
Mode 3 Mode 3 is the standard for dedicated EV charging via a wallbox or public AC
charging station. The charger communicates directly with the vehicle using a built-in pilot
signal (via the Type 2 connector), confirming a safe connection and negotiating the
charging current before power flows. Mode 3 supports single- and three-phase charging at
up to 43 kW (AC) and is the recommended and most common charging mode for home
and public AC charging.
MPGe (Miles Per Gallon Equivalent) MPGe is a US fuel economy metric used to
compare the efficiency of EVs and plug-in hybrids to conventional petrol cars. It is
calculated based on the energy content of a US gallon of petrol (33.7 kWh). An MPGe of
100 means the vehicle can travel 100 miles on the energy equivalent of one gallon of
petrol. The metric is used by the US EPA for vehicle labelling.
mpkWh (Miles Per kWh) mpkWh is an efficiency metric expressing how many miles an
EV travels per kilowatt-hour of energy consumed. A higher number means more efficient
energy use. The European equivalent is typically kWh/100 km (where lower is better). A
typical EV consumes 15–20 kWh/100 km, or roughly 3–4 miles per kWh.
N
NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) NEDC was the previous EU standard test cycle for
measuring vehicle fuel consumption and EV range. Developed in the 1970s–80s, it was
widely criticised for producing unrealistic results — with official figures bearing little relation
to real-world driving. NEDC was replaced by the more realistic WLTP standard for new
vehicle type approvals from 2017 onwards, though older models may still quote NEDC
figures.
O
OBC (On Board Charger) The OBC is the electronics module inside an electric vehicle
that converts AC power from the grid into DC to charge the battery. It determines the
vehicle's maximum AC charging speed. A car with a 7.4 kW OBC can only charge at up to
7.4 kW from an AC source, regardless of the charger's output capacity. For DC fast
charging, the OBC is bypassed — DC power is fed directly to the battery via the BMS.
household socket with no communication between the vehicle and the outlet. Mode 1 is
considered unsafe for EVs by most European standards and is banned for EV charging in
many countries, including Sweden, because standard household outlets lack the
protections needed for continuous high-current loads. It should not be used for EV
charging.
Mode 2 Mode 2 charging uses a standard household outlet but with an in-cable control
box (ICCB) that provides basic safety functions — including earth fault protection and
communication with the vehicle to confirm a safe connection before current flows. It is the
typical emergency or occasional home charging method using the cable supplied with the
car. Charging is slow (typically ~1.8–2.3 kW) and Mode 2 is not recommended for regular
daily use.
Mode 3 Mode 3 is the standard for dedicated EV charging via a wallbox or public AC
charging station. The charger communicates directly with the vehicle using a built-in pilot
signal (via the Type 2 connector), confirming a safe connection and negotiating the
charging current before power flows. Mode 3 supports single- and three-phase charging at
up to 43 kW (AC) and is the recommended and most common charging mode for home
and public AC charging.
MPGe (Miles Per Gallon Equivalent) MPGe is a US fuel economy metric used to
compare the efficiency of EVs and plug-in hybrids to conventional petrol cars. It is
calculated based on the energy content of a US gallon of petrol (33.7 kWh). An MPGe of
100 means the vehicle can travel 100 miles on the energy equivalent of one gallon of
petrol. The metric is used by the US EPA for vehicle labelling.
mpkWh (Miles Per kWh) mpkWh is an efficiency metric expressing how many miles an
EV travels per kilowatt-hour of energy consumed. A higher number means more efficient
energy use. The European equivalent is typically kWh/100 km (where lower is better). A
typical EV consumes 15–20 kWh/100 km, or roughly 3–4 miles per kWh.
N
NEDC (New European Driving Cycle) NEDC was the previous EU standard test cycle for
measuring vehicle fuel consumption and EV range. Developed in the 1970s–80s, it was
widely criticised for producing unrealistic results — with official figures bearing little relation
to real-world driving. NEDC was replaced by the more realistic WLTP standard for new
vehicle type approvals from 2017 onwards, though older models may still quote NEDC
figures.
O
OBC (On Board Charger) The OBC is the electronics module inside an electric vehicle
that converts AC power from the grid into DC to charge the battery. It determines the
vehicle's maximum AC charging speed. A car with a 7.4 kW OBC can only charge at up to
7.4 kW from an AC source, regardless of the charger's output capacity. For DC fast
charging, the OBC is bypassed — DC power is fed directly to the battery via the BMS.
OCA (Open Charge Alliance) The Open Charge Alliance is a non-profit organisation that
promotes open, interoperable standards for EV charging — most notably OCPP (Open
Charge Point Protocol). OCA aims to prevent vendor lock-in, ensuring that charging
hardware from one manufacturer can communicate with software platforms from another.
OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol) OCPP is the open communication protocol
between EV charging stations and their back-end management systems. It allows
chargers from different manufacturers to work with management platforms from different
vendors. OCPP is widely adopted and comes in several versions (1.6, 2.0, 2.0.1), with
newer versions adding smart charging, improved security, and ISO 15118 support. OCPP
support is important when selecting hardware for scalable charging installations.
OCPI (Open Charge Point Interface) OCPI is an open protocol that enables data
exchange between different charging network operators and eMSPs — for example,
allowing a driver with a card from one provider to charge on another provider's network
(roaming). OCPI covers location data, session information, tariffs, and authentication, and
is a key enabler of seamless, interoperable EV charging across Europe.
OCSP (Open Smart Charging Protocol) OCSP is a protocol designed to enable smart,
grid-aware charging — allowing utilities, grid operators, or energy management systems to
communicate charging schedules or power limits to charging stations. This is important for
demand response, integrating renewable energy, and avoiding grid congestion during
peak periods.
Onboard Charger The onboard charger is the built-in AC-to-DC converter inside the
vehicle that enables AC charging. It is distinct from DC fast charging, where the conversion
happens outside the vehicle in the charger unit itself. See also: OBC.
P
PHEV (Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle) A PHEV has both a combustion engine and a
larger battery pack that can be charged by plugging into an external electricity source.
PHEVs can drive a limited distance on electricity alone (typically 30–80 km depending on
the model) before the combustion engine takes over. When the battery is depleted, they
operate like a conventional hybrid. PHEVs can offer significant fuel savings for drivers who
charge regularly and have short daily commutes, but real-world fuel consumption can be
much higher than official figures if the battery is not regularly charged.
Plug & Charge Plug & Charge (standardised as ISO 15118) allows an EV to automatically
identify itself to a charging station and authorise a session simply by plugging in — no
RFID card, app, or additional action required. The vehicle and charger exchange
encrypted credentials over the charging cable. Plug & Charge simplifies the charging
experience and is increasingly supported by newer vehicles and charging networks.
Public Charging Public charging refers to EV charging at publicly accessible locations —
car parks, motorway service areas, shopping centres, on-street chargers, and so on.
Public charging networks are operated by CPOs and accessed via eMSPs using RFID
cards, apps, or Plug & Charge. Availability, speed, and pricing vary significantly between
networks and locations.
promotes open, interoperable standards for EV charging — most notably OCPP (Open
Charge Point Protocol). OCA aims to prevent vendor lock-in, ensuring that charging
hardware from one manufacturer can communicate with software platforms from another.
OCPP (Open Charge Point Protocol) OCPP is the open communication protocol
between EV charging stations and their back-end management systems. It allows
chargers from different manufacturers to work with management platforms from different
vendors. OCPP is widely adopted and comes in several versions (1.6, 2.0, 2.0.1), with
newer versions adding smart charging, improved security, and ISO 15118 support. OCPP
support is important when selecting hardware for scalable charging installations.
OCPI (Open Charge Point Interface) OCPI is an open protocol that enables data
exchange between different charging network operators and eMSPs — for example,
allowing a driver with a card from one provider to charge on another provider's network
(roaming). OCPI covers location data, session information, tariffs, and authentication, and
is a key enabler of seamless, interoperable EV charging across Europe.
OCSP (Open Smart Charging Protocol) OCSP is a protocol designed to enable smart,
grid-aware charging — allowing utilities, grid operators, or energy management systems to
communicate charging schedules or power limits to charging stations. This is important for
demand response, integrating renewable energy, and avoiding grid congestion during
peak periods.
Onboard Charger The onboard charger is the built-in AC-to-DC converter inside the
vehicle that enables AC charging. It is distinct from DC fast charging, where the conversion
happens outside the vehicle in the charger unit itself. See also: OBC.
P
PHEV (Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle) A PHEV has both a combustion engine and a
larger battery pack that can be charged by plugging into an external electricity source.
PHEVs can drive a limited distance on electricity alone (typically 30–80 km depending on
the model) before the combustion engine takes over. When the battery is depleted, they
operate like a conventional hybrid. PHEVs can offer significant fuel savings for drivers who
charge regularly and have short daily commutes, but real-world fuel consumption can be
much higher than official figures if the battery is not regularly charged.
Plug & Charge Plug & Charge (standardised as ISO 15118) allows an EV to automatically
identify itself to a charging station and authorise a session simply by plugging in — no
RFID card, app, or additional action required. The vehicle and charger exchange
encrypted credentials over the charging cable. Plug & Charge simplifies the charging
experience and is increasingly supported by newer vehicles and charging networks.
Public Charging Public charging refers to EV charging at publicly accessible locations —
car parks, motorway service areas, shopping centres, on-street chargers, and so on.
Public charging networks are operated by CPOs and accessed via eMSPs using RFID
cards, apps, or Plug & Charge. Availability, speed, and pricing vary significantly between
networks and locations.
PWS (Pedestrian Warning System) A PWS generates warning sounds to alert
pedestrians of an approaching electric or hybrid vehicle. The terms PWS and AVAS are
often used interchangeably. See AVAS.
R
Range Range is the maximum distance an EV can travel on a single full charge under
specified conditions. Official range figures are based on standardised test cycles (WLTP in
Europe). Real-world range is typically 10–25% lower than the official figure, depending on
driving speed, temperature, use of climate control, and driving style. Battery degradation
over time also gradually reduces range.
Range Anxiety Range anxiety is the fear or concern that an EV's battery will run out
before reaching a destination or charging station. It is one of the most commonly cited
barriers to EV adoption. As battery ranges increase and charging infrastructure expands,
range anxiety is becoming less of a real concern for most drivers — though it remains a
psychological barrier. Route planning apps and in-car navigation with integrated charging
stop suggestions help significantly.
Regenerative Braking System Regenerative braking recovers kinetic energy during
deceleration and converts it back into electricity stored in the battery. In a conventional car,
braking energy is lost as heat. In an EV, the electric motor acts as a generator during
braking, capturing some of this energy. Regenerative braking increases efficiency, extends
range, and reduces wear on the mechanical brake pads. The strength of regeneration can
often be adjusted by the driver.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) RFID is a wireless technology that uses radio
waves to identify objects or people. In EV charging, RFID cards or fobs are used to
authenticate users at public charging stations. The card contains a unique identifier read
by the charger's RFID reader, linking the charging session to the user's account for billing.
RFID Reader An RFID reader is the scanner on a charging station that reads RFID cards
or fobs to authenticate charging sessions. It typically has a visual indicator showing where
to tap the card.
RJ12 RJ12 is a modular connector with 6 positions and 6 contacts. In EV charging
contexts, it is used for communication interfaces in some load balancing and energy
management systems — for example, for linking multiple chargers together for shared
load management.
RJ45 RJ45 is the standard connector for Ethernet network cables (8 positions, 8 contacts).
Some EV chargers can connect to a local network via Ethernet (RJ45) for more reliable
connectivity than Wi-Fi, enabling remote management, OCPP communication, and smart
charging features.
Roaming Roaming in EV charging allows drivers to use charging networks operated by
different CPOs with a single account, card, or app — similar to mobile phone roaming
between networks. This is enabled by protocols like OCPI and agreements between
eMSPs and CPOs. Roaming is essential for seamless cross-border EV travel in Europe.
pedestrians of an approaching electric or hybrid vehicle. The terms PWS and AVAS are
often used interchangeably. See AVAS.
R
Range Range is the maximum distance an EV can travel on a single full charge under
specified conditions. Official range figures are based on standardised test cycles (WLTP in
Europe). Real-world range is typically 10–25% lower than the official figure, depending on
driving speed, temperature, use of climate control, and driving style. Battery degradation
over time also gradually reduces range.
Range Anxiety Range anxiety is the fear or concern that an EV's battery will run out
before reaching a destination or charging station. It is one of the most commonly cited
barriers to EV adoption. As battery ranges increase and charging infrastructure expands,
range anxiety is becoming less of a real concern for most drivers — though it remains a
psychological barrier. Route planning apps and in-car navigation with integrated charging
stop suggestions help significantly.
Regenerative Braking System Regenerative braking recovers kinetic energy during
deceleration and converts it back into electricity stored in the battery. In a conventional car,
braking energy is lost as heat. In an EV, the electric motor acts as a generator during
braking, capturing some of this energy. Regenerative braking increases efficiency, extends
range, and reduces wear on the mechanical brake pads. The strength of regeneration can
often be adjusted by the driver.
RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) RFID is a wireless technology that uses radio
waves to identify objects or people. In EV charging, RFID cards or fobs are used to
authenticate users at public charging stations. The card contains a unique identifier read
by the charger's RFID reader, linking the charging session to the user's account for billing.
RFID Reader An RFID reader is the scanner on a charging station that reads RFID cards
or fobs to authenticate charging sessions. It typically has a visual indicator showing where
to tap the card.
RJ12 RJ12 is a modular connector with 6 positions and 6 contacts. In EV charging
contexts, it is used for communication interfaces in some load balancing and energy
management systems — for example, for linking multiple chargers together for shared
load management.
RJ45 RJ45 is the standard connector for Ethernet network cables (8 positions, 8 contacts).
Some EV chargers can connect to a local network via Ethernet (RJ45) for more reliable
connectivity than Wi-Fi, enabling remote management, OCPP communication, and smart
charging features.
Roaming Roaming in EV charging allows drivers to use charging networks operated by
different CPOs with a single account, card, or app — similar to mobile phone roaming
between networks. This is enabled by protocols like OCPI and agreements between
eMSPs and CPOs. Roaming is essential for seamless cross-border EV travel in Europe.
RPH (Range Per Hour) RPH is a practical metric expressing how many kilometres (or
miles) of driving range are added per hour of charging. It gives drivers an intuitive sense of
how quickly their car charges on a given charger. For example, a 7.4 kW charger on a car
that consumes 20 kWh/100 km would add approximately 37 km of range per hour.
S
Schuko Schuko (from the German "Schutzkontakt") is the standard household plug and
socket used in most of continental Europe. Schuko outlets are rated at 230 V / 16 A (max
~3.7 kW). While EVs can be charged from a Schuko outlet in an emergency using a Mode
2 cable, it is the slowest and least safe method for regular EV charging and is not
recommended for daily use.
Semi-Fast Charging Semi-fast charging typically refers to AC charging at power levels
between standard home charging and DC fast charging — roughly 11–43 kW. This is
common at workplace chargers, car parks, and some public locations. It can charge many
EVs in 1–4 hours, making it well-suited for charging during a work day or a shopping trip.
Smart Charging Smart charging refers to EV charging that is controlled and optimised
based on external factors — such as electricity prices, grid load, renewable energy
availability, or the user's preferences. A smart charger can automatically schedule charging
for off-peak hours, respond to grid signals, integrate with solar panels, or participate in
demand response programmes. Smart charging reduces costs, grid strain, and carbon
emissions.
Fast Charging Fast charging generally refers to DC charging at 50 kW or above. At these
power levels, many EVs can charge from 10% to 80% in 20–60 minutes. Fast charging is
primarily used for longer journeys, at motorway service stations or dedicated fast-charging
hubs. Most manufacturers recommend limiting frequent fast charging to help preserve
battery longevity, though modern BMS systems include protections to minimise
degradation.
SOC (State of Charge) State of Charge is the current charge level of the battery,
expressed as a percentage of total capacity — similar to a fuel gauge. For example, a 75
kWh battery at 80% SOC has 60 kWh of energy available. SOC is displayed on the
dashboard and monitored by the BMS. Avoiding regularly charging to 100% or depleting to
0% can help preserve long-term battery health.
SoH (State of Health) State of Health measures a battery's current maximum capacity
relative to its original capacity, expressed as a percentage. A new battery starts at 100%
SoH. As it ages through charge cycles and environmental exposure, SoH gradually
decreases. A battery at 90% SoH retains 90% of its original capacity. Most manufacturers
warrant batteries to retain a minimum SoH (typically 70%) for a given number of years or
kilometres.
Solid-State Batteries Solid-state batteries replace the liquid electrolyte of conventional
lithium-ion batteries with a solid material. They promise higher energy density, faster
charging, longer lifespan, and improved safety (reduced fire risk). They are widely
regarded as the next major breakthrough in EV battery technology. Several manufacturers
are working toward commercial production, expected in the late 2020s.
miles) of driving range are added per hour of charging. It gives drivers an intuitive sense of
how quickly their car charges on a given charger. For example, a 7.4 kW charger on a car
that consumes 20 kWh/100 km would add approximately 37 km of range per hour.
S
Schuko Schuko (from the German "Schutzkontakt") is the standard household plug and
socket used in most of continental Europe. Schuko outlets are rated at 230 V / 16 A (max
~3.7 kW). While EVs can be charged from a Schuko outlet in an emergency using a Mode
2 cable, it is the slowest and least safe method for regular EV charging and is not
recommended for daily use.
Semi-Fast Charging Semi-fast charging typically refers to AC charging at power levels
between standard home charging and DC fast charging — roughly 11–43 kW. This is
common at workplace chargers, car parks, and some public locations. It can charge many
EVs in 1–4 hours, making it well-suited for charging during a work day or a shopping trip.
Smart Charging Smart charging refers to EV charging that is controlled and optimised
based on external factors — such as electricity prices, grid load, renewable energy
availability, or the user's preferences. A smart charger can automatically schedule charging
for off-peak hours, respond to grid signals, integrate with solar panels, or participate in
demand response programmes. Smart charging reduces costs, grid strain, and carbon
emissions.
Fast Charging Fast charging generally refers to DC charging at 50 kW or above. At these
power levels, many EVs can charge from 10% to 80% in 20–60 minutes. Fast charging is
primarily used for longer journeys, at motorway service stations or dedicated fast-charging
hubs. Most manufacturers recommend limiting frequent fast charging to help preserve
battery longevity, though modern BMS systems include protections to minimise
degradation.
SOC (State of Charge) State of Charge is the current charge level of the battery,
expressed as a percentage of total capacity — similar to a fuel gauge. For example, a 75
kWh battery at 80% SOC has 60 kWh of energy available. SOC is displayed on the
dashboard and monitored by the BMS. Avoiding regularly charging to 100% or depleting to
0% can help preserve long-term battery health.
SoH (State of Health) State of Health measures a battery's current maximum capacity
relative to its original capacity, expressed as a percentage. A new battery starts at 100%
SoH. As it ages through charge cycles and environmental exposure, SoH gradually
decreases. A battery at 90% SoH retains 90% of its original capacity. Most manufacturers
warrant batteries to retain a minimum SoH (typically 70%) for a given number of years or
kilometres.
Solid-State Batteries Solid-state batteries replace the liquid electrolyte of conventional
lithium-ion batteries with a solid material. They promise higher energy density, faster
charging, longer lifespan, and improved safety (reduced fire risk). They are widely
regarded as the next major breakthrough in EV battery technology. Several manufacturers
are working toward commercial production, expected in the late 2020s.
Super Environment Car A classification for vehicles that meet strict low-emission
requirements — either zero direct emissions (BEVs) or very low CO₂ output (under 70 g/
km for combustion and plug-in hybrids). In Sweden, this classification has historically been
linked to purchase subsidies and tax benefits, though the specific incentives have changed
over time.
Super Fast Charger A super fast charger is a DC fast charger delivering 150 kW or more
— in some cases up to 350 kW. These chargers are designed for rapid top-ups during long
journeys, capable of adding hundreds of kilometres of range in 20–30 minutes for
compatible vehicles. Tesla's Supercharger network and high-power CCS chargers at
motorway hubs are typical examples.
T
TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) TCO is a financial metric accounting for all costs of
owning and operating a vehicle over its lifetime — including purchase price, financing, fuel
or electricity, insurance, maintenance, tyres, depreciation, and resale value. When
comparing EVs to combustion-engine cars on a TCO basis, EVs often come out ahead
despite higher purchase prices, because of lower energy costs, less maintenance (no oil
changes, fewer brake replacements due to regenerative braking), and favourable tax
treatment in many countries.
Turtle Mode Turtle mode is a power-reduction mode that some EVs enter automatically
when the battery drops to a critically low charge level (often below 5–10%). The vehicle
limits maximum speed and power output to conserve the remaining energy and allow the
driver to reach a charger or safe location. The name comes from the turtle icon that
typically appears on the dashboard when the mode is active.
Type 1 Type 1 (SAE J1772 / J-plug) is an AC charging connector standard primarily used
in North America and Japan. It is single-phase only and cannot support three-phase AC
charging. Some older EVs sold in Europe — including early Nissan Leafs and certain
Mitsubishi plug-in hybrids — use Type 1. In Europe, Type 1 is largely superseded by Type
2, but adapter cables are available.
Type 2 Type 2 (IEC 62196) is the standard AC charging connector in Europe for both
home and public charging. It supports single- and three-phase AC charging at up to 43 kW
(public chargers) or 22 kW (most home chargers). All new EVs sold in Europe use a Type
2 inlet, and it is the mandatory standard for public AC charging infrastructure under EU
regulation. CCS uses the Type 2 connector as its upper half.
U
Ultium Ultium is General Motors' proprietary battery platform used in their next-generation
electric vehicles (including the Hummer EV, Cadillac Lyriq, and Chevrolet Equinox EV). It
uses large-format pouch cells and a modular design that can be configured to different
sizes and energy capacities. GM produces Ultium cells in partnership with LG Energy
Solution.
requirements — either zero direct emissions (BEVs) or very low CO₂ output (under 70 g/
km for combustion and plug-in hybrids). In Sweden, this classification has historically been
linked to purchase subsidies and tax benefits, though the specific incentives have changed
over time.
Super Fast Charger A super fast charger is a DC fast charger delivering 150 kW or more
— in some cases up to 350 kW. These chargers are designed for rapid top-ups during long
journeys, capable of adding hundreds of kilometres of range in 20–30 minutes for
compatible vehicles. Tesla's Supercharger network and high-power CCS chargers at
motorway hubs are typical examples.
T
TCO (Total Cost of Ownership) TCO is a financial metric accounting for all costs of
owning and operating a vehicle over its lifetime — including purchase price, financing, fuel
or electricity, insurance, maintenance, tyres, depreciation, and resale value. When
comparing EVs to combustion-engine cars on a TCO basis, EVs often come out ahead
despite higher purchase prices, because of lower energy costs, less maintenance (no oil
changes, fewer brake replacements due to regenerative braking), and favourable tax
treatment in many countries.
Turtle Mode Turtle mode is a power-reduction mode that some EVs enter automatically
when the battery drops to a critically low charge level (often below 5–10%). The vehicle
limits maximum speed and power output to conserve the remaining energy and allow the
driver to reach a charger or safe location. The name comes from the turtle icon that
typically appears on the dashboard when the mode is active.
Type 1 Type 1 (SAE J1772 / J-plug) is an AC charging connector standard primarily used
in North America and Japan. It is single-phase only and cannot support three-phase AC
charging. Some older EVs sold in Europe — including early Nissan Leafs and certain
Mitsubishi plug-in hybrids — use Type 1. In Europe, Type 1 is largely superseded by Type
2, but adapter cables are available.
Type 2 Type 2 (IEC 62196) is the standard AC charging connector in Europe for both
home and public charging. It supports single- and three-phase AC charging at up to 43 kW
(public chargers) or 22 kW (most home chargers). All new EVs sold in Europe use a Type
2 inlet, and it is the mandatory standard for public AC charging infrastructure under EU
regulation. CCS uses the Type 2 connector as its upper half.
U
Ultium Ultium is General Motors' proprietary battery platform used in their next-generation
electric vehicles (including the Hummer EV, Cadillac Lyriq, and Chevrolet Equinox EV). It
uses large-format pouch cells and a modular design that can be configured to different
sizes and energy capacities. GM produces Ultium cells in partnership with LG Energy
Solution.
V
V2B (Vehicle-to-Building) V2B technology allows an EV's battery to discharge power to
supply an entire building — home, office, or commercial property. The vehicle acts as a
large stationary battery backup for the building. V2B requires a bidirectional charger and a
compatible vehicle, and can reduce energy costs by drawing on the EV battery during
peak tariff periods or power outages.
V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) V2G allows an EV to not only draw power from the electricity grid
but also feed power back into it. When connected to a V2G-enabled charger, the car can
act as a distributed energy storage resource — charging when electricity is cheap or
renewable energy is abundant, and discharging back to the grid when demand and prices
are high. V2G can generate income for the owner and help stabilise the grid. It requires a
bidirectional charger and a compatible vehicle.
V2H (Vehicle-to-Home) V2H allows an EV battery to power the home directly. In a power
outage, a V2H system can use the EV as a backup source to keep lights, appliances, and
heating running. It can also be used strategically to power the home during peak electricity
price periods. V2H requires a bidirectional charger compatible with the specific vehicle and
appropriate home energy management systems.
V2L (Vehicle-to-Load) V2L is a feature on some EVs that allows the car to power external
devices directly from the battery via a standard outlet built into the vehicle (or via an
adapter at the charging port). V2L can power tools, camping equipment, laptops, or small
appliances — useful for outdoor activities, worksites, or emergencies. It typically delivers
up to 3.6 kW and, unlike V2G or V2H, requires no special home installation.
Inverter An inverter converts DC electricity into AC electricity. In an EV, the traction
inverter converts the battery's DC power into AC to drive the electric motor. In charging
contexts, inverters are used in bidirectional chargers (for V2G/V2H/V2B) and in solar panel
systems to convert the panels' DC output into household AC.
W
WLTP (Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure) WLTP is the current EU
standard test cycle for measuring the fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and electric range
of passenger cars. It replaced the outdated NEDC cycle, using more varied speeds, more
realistic acceleration and braking profiles, and accounting for optional equipment that
affects aerodynamics and weight. WLTP figures are considerably closer to real-world
results than NEDC, though actual range typically still falls 10–20% below the official figure
depending on conditions.
Z
ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicle) A ZEV is a vehicle that produces no direct (tailpipe)
emissions during operation — in practice, fully battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEVs). The classification is used in various regulatory
frameworks to define vehicles eligible for zero-emission incentives and mandates. Note
V2B (Vehicle-to-Building) V2B technology allows an EV's battery to discharge power to
supply an entire building — home, office, or commercial property. The vehicle acts as a
large stationary battery backup for the building. V2B requires a bidirectional charger and a
compatible vehicle, and can reduce energy costs by drawing on the EV battery during
peak tariff periods or power outages.
V2G (Vehicle-to-Grid) V2G allows an EV to not only draw power from the electricity grid
but also feed power back into it. When connected to a V2G-enabled charger, the car can
act as a distributed energy storage resource — charging when electricity is cheap or
renewable energy is abundant, and discharging back to the grid when demand and prices
are high. V2G can generate income for the owner and help stabilise the grid. It requires a
bidirectional charger and a compatible vehicle.
V2H (Vehicle-to-Home) V2H allows an EV battery to power the home directly. In a power
outage, a V2H system can use the EV as a backup source to keep lights, appliances, and
heating running. It can also be used strategically to power the home during peak electricity
price periods. V2H requires a bidirectional charger compatible with the specific vehicle and
appropriate home energy management systems.
V2L (Vehicle-to-Load) V2L is a feature on some EVs that allows the car to power external
devices directly from the battery via a standard outlet built into the vehicle (or via an
adapter at the charging port). V2L can power tools, camping equipment, laptops, or small
appliances — useful for outdoor activities, worksites, or emergencies. It typically delivers
up to 3.6 kW and, unlike V2G or V2H, requires no special home installation.
Inverter An inverter converts DC electricity into AC electricity. In an EV, the traction
inverter converts the battery's DC power into AC to drive the electric motor. In charging
contexts, inverters are used in bidirectional chargers (for V2G/V2H/V2B) and in solar panel
systems to convert the panels' DC output into household AC.
W
WLTP (Worldwide Harmonised Light Vehicle Test Procedure) WLTP is the current EU
standard test cycle for measuring the fuel consumption, CO₂ emissions, and electric range
of passenger cars. It replaced the outdated NEDC cycle, using more varied speeds, more
realistic acceleration and braking profiles, and accounting for optional equipment that
affects aerodynamics and weight. WLTP figures are considerably closer to real-world
results than NEDC, though actual range typically still falls 10–20% below the official figure
depending on conditions.
Z
ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicle) A ZEV is a vehicle that produces no direct (tailpipe)
emissions during operation — in practice, fully battery electric vehicles (BEVs) and
hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (FCEVs). The classification is used in various regulatory
frameworks to define vehicles eligible for zero-emission incentives and mandates. Note
that "zero emission" refers to direct emissions only — upstream emissions from electricity
generation or hydrogen production are not counted under the ZEV definition itself.
generation or hydrogen production are not counted under the ZEV definition itself.